International initiatives such as the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) have aimed to provide guidance in assembling and standardising data from national AMR surveillance systems to inform future actions. Moreover, the borderless nature of AMR has emphasised the need for continuous global monitoring. The role of continuous AMR surveillance facilitates evaluation of AMR stewardship programmes, interventions, and policy efficacy via the generation of evidence. The second objective of the GAP foregrounds surveillance as an integral component to ascertain the status of AMR in various contexts and monitor progress towards control objectives. The basis for these objectives is to facilitate effective policy and stewardship processes to ultimately produce discernible mitigation efforts against AMR. The GAP describes 5 objectives including: (i) improving awareness on AMR through training, education, and communication, (ii) strengthening knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research, (iii) reducing the incidence of infection through sanitation, hygiene, and infection prevention measures, (iv) optimisation of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health, and (v) developing an economic case for sustainable investment for new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines, and interventions. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Action Plan (GAP) on AMR was developed to engage the international community in efforts to address the emerging public health crisis. The breadth of the issue, thus, necessitates a collaborative approach to address the multi-faceted AMR crisis. Whilst immediate repercussions to human health have been widely recognised as impetus for action, the significance of AMR extends to animal and environmental health sectors. Current estimates suggest that AMR is responsible for approximately 700,000 human mortalities per year with the potential for up to 10 million deaths per year by 2050 if effective strategies to reduce resistance are not implemented. Surveillance systems require extensive refinement to become representative and meet surveillance objectives.Īntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been declared a global public health threat that has the potential to jeopardise the foundations of modern medicine and infectious diseases control. There is a distinct separation of experiences between systems with emerging surveillance systems and those with established systems. ConclusionsĮxperiences of AMR surveillance systems are diverse across contexts. The most frequent success to surveillance system implementation was stakeholder engagement (n = 30, 65.2%). Data infrastructure was most frequently discussed as problematic in evaluation of surveillance systems (n = 36, 75.0%). From the scoping review, 6 themes emerged: capacity for surveillance, data infrastructure, policy, representativeness, stakeholder engagement, and sustainability. All included articles (n = 46, 100.0%) discussed barriers to either implementing or utilising AMR surveillance systems. Regionally, there was equal focus on low- and middle-income countries (n = 7, 15.2%) and trans-national contexts (n = 7, 14.5%). Generally, most studies focused on human AMR surveillance (n = 38, 82.6%). Following deduplication and screening, 46 articles were determined to be appropriate for inclusion. The systematic search yielded 639 journal articles for screening. A thematic analysis was conducted where themes within the literature were inductively grouped based on the described content. PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases were searched systematically to identify literature pertaining to implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of AMR surveillance systems. The primary aim of the scoping review is to identify successes, barriers, and gaps in implementing AMR surveillance systems and utilising data from them.

Surveillance is a fundamental component in the monitoring and evaluation of AMR mitigation endeavours. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global public health crisis.

Visual paradigm review